A Glossary of Handmade Rugs and Kilims: Understanding Terms, Types and Techniques Past and Present

Abstract

       

Referring to the art style characterized by using shape and color withdrawn from traditional repetition or realism. Abstract rugs — sometimes referred to as art rugs — capture an expressive nature that reads as a very modern style, though many abstract rugs draw inspiration from works of the same art style in the mid-century.

One of the more widely known mid-century lineages of this style is abstract expressionism, named for the literal “expressionists” of the 1950s. Some of the most notable names behind this style include Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko.

Explore our curation of abstract rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

Afshar

         

Referring to a lineage of nomadic Persian rugs (sometimes referred to as “Avsar” in the alternate spelling). Afshar rugs hail from the eponymous tribe in the region of Northeastern Iran.

While a traveled style, Afshar carpets tend to favor traditional, rustic reds and deep blues deeply saturated into their wool. The tribe, like many in Persian ancestry, wove tapestries, bags, bedding and other mediums in addition to carpets.

Explore our curation of Afshar rugs. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agra

 

Referring to handmade rugs from the titular city of India, especially classic antique, semi-antique, and vintage rugs that emerged from the historic region. Rugs have been made since the early 16th Century, influenced directly from the craft as it came with the conquest of the Persian Empire (Mogul/Mughal emperors), with some of the earliest rugs commissioned for aristocracy and palace works. 

Among the styles influenced by the Mughal Empire (via Akbar the Great and his affection for Persian rugs in the 16th century), Persian rug weavers in Akbar’s court in Agra laid the foundation for the antique Agra rugs that have become so beloved to the modern market — alongside the other centers that have, similarly, become capitals of the rug world and claims to India’s status as a leader in production today. Much of the field’s history, including beyond but especially in India and Persia, can be traced back to aristocratic patrons and their affinity for commissioning rugs for their palace. In this era, hundreds of hands and many years were spent on one piece with similar wools, silks, cashmeres, cottons,  natural/vegetable dyes and other materials to that of Persian influence.

Explore our curation of Agra rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Over

 

Referring to a style of pattern in rugs where negative space or solid color is minimal, ex. “An all over pattern.”

 Explore our curation of all over patterns.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amritsar

 

Referring to the titular region of India, famed for its handmade carpets dating back since the same era (as early as the 16th century). Large-sized Amritsar rugs are particularly rare among antique discoveries today.

Amritsar has a particular history of “jail rugs” produced quite literally for and through the jails via order of Akbar the Great. The styles of these rugs would borrow from the same sensibilities, but would enjoy departures from traditional Oriental rugs more appreciated later in history than in their years of creation.

Varying from grand treasures to approachable classics, antique Amritsar rugs in our collection have been known to embrace both form and function with a more individualistic nature incorporated into the prevailing Persian influence, more widely regarded for their beauty today in the same degree as a variety of other jail rugs Josh has studied and curated.

Explore our curation of Amritsar rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anatolian

 

 

Referring to rugs and Kilims of Anatolia, the heart of modern-day Turkey and an ancestral seat of the Persian Empire.

Explore our Anatolian curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Art Deco

 

Referring to the European and Chinese artistic movement between the 1920s to 1940s, often characterized by regal symmetry and angular, portrait-esque framing in design. The term was coined at a famous exhibition in France in 1925, later popularized as well via productions in China. Art Deco is sometimes abbreviated as Deco in both classic and modern references to the general style.

Explore our curation of Art Deco rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Art Nouveau

 

Referring to Art Nouveau rugs, an ornamental style widely originating from Europe around 1890-1910 displaying refined movement with curvilinear patterns of plants, flowers & similar natural forms. While many initial pieces in this style exemplified large-scale production of the late 19th century and early 20th century, several notable styles adapted similar sensibilities well into and beyond the mid-century period. A key example is several vintage Bessarabian Kilims in our own collection, drawing subtle inspiration from this sensibility while maintaining their own noticeable aesthetic.

Explore our Art Nouveau rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arts & Crafts

 

Referring to Arts & Crafts rugs — a design philosophy sprouting from an artistic movement orchestrated by noteworthy names like William Morris and C.F.A. Voysey in England since the mid-19th century to safeguard traditional art from the whims of mass production during the Industrialization era. Many of these patterns draw key inspiration from stained glass windows and botanical motifs while some of the oldest pieces employed natural dyes and yarns to uphold the legacy of classic handcrafted rugs.

Browse our Arts & Crafts rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aubusson

 

Referring to the region in France, acclaimed for its antique tapestry style flat weave rugs (Aubusson rugs) since roughly the 15th century. Aubusson flat weave rugs remain among some of the most sought-after classic styles in handmade carpets, known for aristocratic origins and.

Browse our Aubusson rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Axminster

 

Referring to a particular European rug style of antiquity, specifically of English production.

Explore our Axminster rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bakshaish

 

Referring to Bakshaish rugs (sometimes spelled Bakhshayesh), a particular tradition of Persian tribal rugs particularly famed for their quality. Bakshaish rugs tend to favor repeating geometric motifs in deep, masculine colors, most often found in runner and small-sized rugs today.

Explore our Bakshaish rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bakhtiari

 

Referring to Bakhtiari rugs and Kilims, a sought-after lineage of classic Persian rugs named for the titular tribes of mountainous Iran famed for their nomadic carpet productions. Often found in smaller sizes and runners similar to Persian tribal rugs of the Baluch and Gabbeh tradition, antique and vintage Bakhtiari Persian rugs also tend to favor geometry, rich colors with earth tone emphasis, and lush pile not uncommon for a weaving tradition hailing from mountainous regions like that of similar traditions (though, like every style, variation and rarity exists).

Browse our Bakhtiari rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Baluch

 

Referring to Baluch rugs from Baluchistan, the origin of the eponymous tribal weavers of Persian fame. Baluch tribal carpets often favor large geometric motifs, diagonal stripes and fine border brocading in meticulous repetition with deep reds, earthy browns, blues & whites. Traditionally made in small size with goat wool & camel hair, some of the oldest ones can be observed with flat woven edges for a distinctive appeal.

Explore our Baluch rug curations.
 

 

 

 

Berber

 

Referring to the Berber tribal weavers, celebrated for their nomadic weaving style among generations of North African tribes. Moroccan Berber rugs often employ ancestral symbols of protection and motifs, such as diamonds (Lozenges), chevrons and other patterns of spiritual significance.

Explore our Berber rug curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bessarabian

 

Referring to Bessarabian rugs and Bessarabian Kilims, a renowned tradition of weaving in Europe from the late 19th century to the modern day. A number of these flat weaves prefer earth tone backgrounds with Art Nouveau floral designs more narrow than wide — some of the more rare, especially collectible selections favoring pictorial patterns in varied sizes.

Explore our Bessarabian curations.
 

 

 

 

 

Bidjar

 

Referring to Bidjar rugs of Kurdistan, a class of durable rugs showcasing irregular patterns usually accompanied by a striking medallion. This reserved style is lauded for its colorway that relishes depth and gravity while being amply versatile to suit a plethora of modern applications.

Explore our Bidjar rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bokhara

 

Referring to Bokhara rugs, a weaving style introduced by the “Tekke” nomadic tribe of modern day Uzbekistan. Characterized by classic diamond patterns, rows of guls & ovals, octagon shaped motifs (known as elephant’s foot), these rugs typically prevail in inviting shades of red, green, brown & white.

Explore our Bokhara rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Burano

 

Referring to the Burano Black-Weft Collection, Rug & Kilim’s original custom classics collection among the most expansive of its contemporary lines. Named affectionately for titular island in Italy of discerning production, Burano represents the aspiration to represent unique classic styles and some of the most important periods in the history of handmade rugs. The style enjoying warm, melting colorways, rich texture, notably soft wool, and an air of culture seldom seen in contemporary carpets.

Explore our Burano Collection.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chinese

Referring to rugs and carpets from or inspired by China, especially antique Chinese rugs of which there is a vast array in the connoisseur’s market. Some of the most desirable classic Chinese carpets include varied dynastic carpets, antique Peking rugs, and especially antique Art Deco rugs from China in the 1920s (influencing countless other styles since inception with an effect on the history of rug design felt to this day).

Browse our Chinese rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circle/Oval/Square

 

Referring to circle rugs, oval rugs, and square rugs — all among the arguably most sought-after variations of non-rectangular area rugs and Kilims. Some favorable applications include oval carpets as dining room rugs and patio rugs, circular carpets beneath tables of the same orientation, and square carpets to living rooms with sectionals and cornered furniture—though the applications remain vast in each category. Antique rugs of these dimensions can be quite rare, even among European tapestries known to favor these dimensions in smaller sizes.

Explore our curation of circle, oval, and square rugs and flat weaves.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classic/Traditional

 

Referring to classic rugs and traditional rugs or those inspired by either — most especially antique rugs or carpets made in the techniques and styles of well-known antique lineages. While a wide-spanning classification, traditional Persian rugs — for example — favor rich colors and grand medallion-emphatic designs in both geometric and floral rugs, whereas more transitional pieces like antique Aubusson rugs favor lighter hues and softer patterns (in the most common designs).

Explore our classic and traditional carpet and Kilim curations.
 

Cowhide

Referring to country style rugs made with cowhide. These rugs employ tanning techniques to birth comfortable yet structurally strong rugs. This family of rugs carries curvilinear aesthetics to cut sharp & angular dimensions of a room & are usually observed in soft neutral colors to blend in a variety of projects.

Explore our cowhide rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Distressed

Referring to distressed rugs, named for notable wear resulting from age, incident, or technique among many causes for variations in condition and/or pile height. Many distressed antique and vintage carpets have become extremely desirable as shabby-chic options or even reapplication as wall-hanging projects.

Browse our distressed rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Doroksh

Referring to Doroksh rugs, a particular lineage of Persian rugs named for the titular province of Iran famed for their intricate classic productions. Doroksh Khorasan rugs are particularly celebrated in antiques, often favoring meticulous all over patterns and finely woven wool in the grandest scale. 

Explore our Doroksh rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

European

 

 

Referring to European rugs like those in our titular collection — uniquely composed of both classic antique pieces and our own contemporary takes on assorted inspirations. Among some of the most significant to the history of flat weaving, classic French Aubusson and Aubusson-style tapestry rugs make up a significant number of this collection. Other notable styles represented include Austrian Art Deco rug styles, Spanish rug styles, Italian rug styles, Savonnerie rug styles, Tudor rug styles, and much more in both pile and flat weave textures—perhaps exemplifying the diversity of transitional styles available from our stock and samples alike.

Explore our European Collection.

 

 

 

 

Farahan

 

Referring to Farahan rugs from Arak district of Persia. The 19th century style carries tribal influence of neighboring villages in its geometric pattern & defined curvilinear design. The best antique Farahan rugs employ luscious tones of green unlike the standard ones embracing sublime color palettes with midnight indigo dominating the scale.

Explore our Farahan rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Floral

 

Referring to floral rugs, sometimes synonymous with botanical rugs, showcasing patterns of flowers, trees and similar vegetation varying from style to style. Floral motifs and patterns were among some of the foremost depictions in ancestral rug making, given many cultures associate them with deep spiritual and religious connotations. 

One of the most popular examples in floral rugs is the cypress tree: one of many depictions of the ‘tree of life’ symbol. Standing, flame-like trees with vivid, yet almost always symmetrical branches remark this symbol, believed to be one of commemoration with themes of eternal life.

Browse our curation of floral rugs. 
 

Fragment

 

Referring to fragment rugs, literally named for being salvaged or remnant pieces of larger area rugs and Kilims. Fragment rugs also often result from larger pieces cut to fit a specific space, leading to unique runners or even wide gallery rugs among the many common variations. Some creative modern applications of fragment rugs include wall-hanging/tapestry projects, table runner projects, entryway projects and far more based on our experience.

Explore our fragment carpet curations.
 

 

 

 

 

Gabbeh

 

Referring to Gabbeh rugs handcrafted by Qashghai nomads from the Farsi province of Iran. The ancestral style is especially known to depict human, plant & animal representations in earthy tones. Some creative visions witness a more liberal approach in design in culmination with the geometric patterns in a relatively brighter shade palette. Rich red, blue, green and even vibrant yellow can be found as accenting colors in rustic Gabbeh designs.

One of the more celebrated patterns found in numerous Gabbeh pieces is the chevron pattern. Chevrons, sometimes called zig-zags for their literal appearance, often highlighted the variety of vegetable dyes available to the weaver in their variation of lively hues.

Explore our Gabbeh tribal rug curations. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Geometric

 

Referring to geometric rugs, named literally for their patterns in design. In antiquity, geometric patterns could be predominantly seen in tribal rugs carrying traditional motifs where patterns acquire a definite form with sharp lines. Over time, geometry has evolved into one of the most widespread patterns represented in classic and contemporary weaving alike. 

Explore our geometric rug curations.
 

 

 

 

 

Ghazvin (Qazvin)

 

Referring to Qazvin rugs originating from the titular city; the largest city & capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran. The family of rugs enjoys curvilinear patterns & medallions for a regal decorative look – idyllic to Persian masterpieces. The last lot of Ghazvin rugs was produced around 1930-1935, making it a rarity to find a new piece of this style in the market today.

Explore our curation of Ghazvin rugs.

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Hamadan

 

Referring to Hamadan rugs from one of the oldest titular cities of Iran. Usually observed in indigo blue, red & ivory tones, these rugs cast a gracious appeal with striking central medallions along with traditional motifs like Herati, Boteh (paisley), and Seraband.

Explore our curation of Hamadan rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hereke

 

Referring to antique rugs handcrafted in Hereke, a coastal city of Istanbul in Turkey. These antique rugs of the late 19th & early 20th century enjoy a very large size as they were made to complement imperial palaces of the region. Drawn on the rich Turkish & Anatolian heritage, the Hereke rugs enjoy precise construction with the Turkish Ghiordes knots facilitating a sturdy construction for a fine display of abstract Arabesque patterns.

The celebrated style often comes in high quality with fine silk hand knotting (sometimes with gold & silver threads too), while the later productions employ camel hair or a mix of wool & cotton. 

Explore our curation of Hereke rugs.

 

Hooked

Referring to the fine art of rug hooking involving creation of loops of yarn or fabric on a strong woven base (usually linen, rug warp & burlap). The loops in hand-hooked rugs are formed with a crochet type needle mounted on a wooden handle for a good grip & control on pile height. Another category of this style is the latch hook rugs which appear similar on surface but differ in technique as they are crafted with a different type of slant needle that looks like a hook from the top.

Due to the nature of their technique, especially large-size hooked rugs are extremely rare in the high-end market.

Explore our curation of hooked carpets.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Karabagh

 

Referring to the Transcaucasian variety of rugs exclusively handmade in the Karabagh region of Azerbaijan. The Karabagh rugs are categorized into Armenian & Azerbaijani styles (the latter now being connoted as UNESCO’s Representative masterpiece of Intangible Heritage as a category of Azerbaijani carpets).

The name “Karabagh” translates to “Black Gardens”, thus inspiring floral patterns on black fields or borders on the majority of the pieces. The Karabagh rugs have 33 compositions mostly influenced by Tabriz & Iranian school of design. These rugs are made with sheep wool & bear a long, tight yet mild pile. In design, these can be with/without medallion, prayer mats or the ones with a plot. The patterns are symmetric- geometric, floral or thematic in representation like Artsvagorgs (eagle rugs), Vishapagorgs (dragon rugs) & Otsagorgs (serpent rugs).

Explore our curation of Karabagh rugs.

 

Karajeh

Referring to Karajeh rugs handwoven by Turkish nomads in Northwestern Iran. This discerning style is known for geometric patterns & central medallions especially in hexagonal shape with hooked extensions. A slight variation in style can be seen with diagonal stripes on the border accompanying patterns similar to the ones on the field. Generally favoring deep red & indigo blue tones.

Explore our curation of Karajeh rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

Kars

 

Referring to Kars rugs and Kilims from the titular city in Turkey, woven by the natives of the eponymous “Karzak” tribe. These rugs often feature geometric patterns, medallions & praying arches in natural brown, pink, orange & white for a coarse finish in rustic style.

Explore our curation of Kars rugs and Kilims.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kashan

Referring to Kashan rugs (sometimes called Kashani rugs), a celebrated lineage of Persian rugs from Isfahan.

The style dates back to the Safavid era characterized by unmatched craftsmanship connoting classic aesthetics. One of the most sought after rug styles in the market, Kashan rugs feature dense floral patterns & curvilinear designs springing out from prominent central medallions often resembling elaborate flower vases. The grandeur of Kashan rugs exemplifies with floral ornamentation on the spandrels & borders seldom accompanied by the beautiful “Shah Abbasi” pattern on the field. These rugs usually favor rich tones of red, navy blue, brown & gold for an enriched visual appeal. Amongst the most rare pieces from this rug family, Motashem Kashan are considered highly collectible for their superb quality & design exclusivity.

Explore our curation of Kashan rugs. 

 

 

 

Kayseri

 

Referring to Kayseri rugs and Kayseri Kilims, named for the titular town in Turkey. One of the finest gifts of Turkey to the world of rug weaving comes from Kayseri; a town situated in the foot of Mount Erciyas of Central Anatolia. This style is a result of creative instincts and imagination of the rural women who started weaving at an early age. Predominantly nomadic – the woven masterpiece is characterized by well defined motifs and tribal patterns in vivid colors – mostly in deep tones of red, blue, brown. Made with the traditional coloring methods, the flat weaves employ natural carpet dyes that render them distinction against other styles hailing from the area. 

Explore our curation of Kayseri rugs and Kilims.

 

Kazak

 

 

Referring to tribal rugs woven by nomadic communities inhabiting the Kazak region in the Caucasus Mountains. These 19th century rugs boldly weave geometric & medallion patterns with floral and animal representations in jewel tones of red, blue, green & gold. The more prestigious Kazak rugs carry large archetypal motifs like the metalwork from the Paleolithic period, Stars of Wisdom, Wheels of Life, Ram’s Horn & Running Water to name a few.

Explore our Kazak curations. 

 

 

Khorasan

 

Referring to Khorasan rugs, a famed lineage of Persian rugs from the titular province. Traditional Khorasan rugs are known for feats of scale, mesmeric geometry, atypical colors departing from traditionally rich pallets and a wide array of rare design features. Further uncommon Khorasan rugs come in large sizes.

Explore our Khorasan curations. 
 

 

 

 

 

Khotan

 

Referring to Khotan rugs, sometimes known as Khotan-Samarkand rugs, descended primarily from modern-day East Turkestan. The Khotan rug style originated in the ancient city of Khotan in East Turkestan. Enjoying the privilege of being situated along the silk trade route, this primitive style is a melting pot of cultures, beliefs, historic interpretations and inspirations. Often resembling Chinese, Tibetan and Asian design, the Khotan rugs relish a vivid Western-style colorway while carrying a rustic nomadic appearance. Furthermore, designers celebrate sophisticated Persian influences with floral clusters particularly rosettes and chrysanthemums. The borders tend to be adorned with Chinese waves and fret patterns supporting a variety of abstract and geometric elements on the weave.

Explore our Khotan curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kilim/Flatweave

 

Referring to Kilim rugs and flat weave rugs; handwoven rugs made without pile and often considered one of the earliest methods among handmade carpets. Some widely known examples of flat weaves are Persian and Turkish Kilims, transitional Aubusson rugs (tapestry weaves), Dhurrie flat weaves, Moroccan Kilims and more. Many traditional and tribal flat weaves are descended from the Persian Kilim that spread to influence many other traditions around the world (especially those Oriental Kilims and other nomadic cultures influenced by the Persian Empire, but extending well into modernity with the Scandinavian Modernist movement which borrowed its flatweave influence from Persian and Turkish techniques).

Explore our Kilim & Flat Weave Collection.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kirsehir

 

Referring to rugs originating from Kirsehir town, situated between Ankara & Kayseri in central Turkey. This style rose to prominence in the 19th century with elaborate patterns particularly woven as prayer rugs in rich colors.

Browse our Kirsehir curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Konya

 

Referring to Kony rugs and Kilims woven in the titular  region of Turkey. Having witnessed a series of power shifts, Konya was once a capital city of the Seljuk Turks — a historic and cultural landmark for the Muslim community where art flourished in all its glory. With rug weavers beginning to herd in the capital, Konya embraced tribal weaving style with distinctive geometric elements in lively colors and contrast. Konya Kilim rugs that ushered in plain weave and slit weave soon gained dominance in Central Anatolia with their unparalleled quality and sharp detail. Rustic in appeal yet well preserved pieces from our collection, the Konya Kilim rugs enjoy size and color diversity like no other.

Browse our Konya curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kuba

 

Referring to the Caucasian tribal lineage of Kuba rugs and Kilims. Sometimes spelled “Quba” in the ancestral diction, it’s well known by connoisseurs as a collectible style in both pile and flat weave. Antique Kuba pieces are particularly desirable for their finely detailed geometry, meticulous symmetry, and renown for variation with notable consistencies in color and pattern.

Explore our Kuba rug curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kurdish

 

Referring to the Kurdish rugs woven by the eponymous weavers of west Asia. These tribal rugs gained the market attention with the garden & Harshang design accompanying “flaming” palmettes in exceptionally warm colors like terra-cotta, orange & sunset hues accenting to greens and blues. Some of the pieces of this lineage feature central medallions along with the Mina Khani motifs or the Jaff geometric patterns for a more ornate look in nomadic style. 

Browse our Kurdish rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ladik

Referring to Ladik rugs originating from the titular Central Anatolian province of Konya. The production of Ladik pieces started in the 13th century & gained momentum in the 17th century under the Ottoman Empire. Handcrafted in looms for an unusual size for Turkish rugs, these pieces have a high knot count & incorporate different knotting styles. Ladik carpets have been honored as prayer mats & can be observed with classic motifs & floral patterns; tulips, hyacinths, and carnations namely.

Explore our Ladik curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lori

Referring to Lori rugs and Kilims, woven in the Lorestan province of Iran by the titular Lori tribe — the oldest known tribal group of Iran. Lori rugs enjoy a coveted status amongst the connoisseurs of tribal rugs for their rare presence in the market & unmatched structural foundation made with high quality wool derived from the flocks belonging to the natives. Carrying the allure of nomadic antiquity, the patterns of this style feature geometric patterns & traditional motifs like diamond shaped lozenges, latch hooks, Turkmen Gul & star designs along with floral & animal/bird representations.

Browse our Lori rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mahal

 

Referring to the antique Mahal rugs from the city of Mahallat in Central Iran. The revered style is known to have gained prominence during the 19th & 20th century with its fine curvilinear patterns featuring central medallions & oversized florals. The more elaborate Mahal rugs may also carry Herati pattern, the celebrated Shah Abbasi design or the Hershang featuring dragons with floral motifs.

Texturally, these rugs tend to have a coarse weave that lend a gorgeous abrashed look with subtle striations – beautifully complementing the luscious muted tones & earthy colors. The rarest ones from the lineage are the antique IVORY MAHALS impeccably woven in comforting tones of beige, cream & ivory.

Explore our Mahal rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mongolian 

 

 

Referring to Mongolian rugs, a rare antique Oriental rug style hailing from the mountainous region between China & Russia.

Often famed for their fine-quality cotton foundation, these rugs are asymmetrically knotted in small size with pervasive fret patterns, medallions, Buddhist & Shou symbols relishing earthy & jewel tones for remarkable exclusivity in design & cultural interpretation. Connoisseurs may note a variety of antique Mongolian rugs embracing Chinese Deco and Nouveau elements in their floral styles and motifs—some examples of which can be found in our collection.

Browse our Mongolian rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Moroccan

 

 

Referring to Moroccan rugs and Moroccan Kilims, named for their antique and vintage origin among the tribal weavers of Morocco. Often distinguished by vibrant color or lush pile, Moroccan rugs are classic tribal pieces acknowledged for their versatility and intricacy. These distinguished pieces carry an enigmatic aura usually through an open field featuring striations and the celebrated diamond pattern (known as Lozenge) conveying the richness of nomadic history and culture.

Seldom found in large sizes, these rugs are mostly crafted in wool with the techniques originating from almost 45 Moroccan tribes. These archaic weaves feature matriarchal tribal motifs signifying femininity and fertility. The nurturing motifs are balanced by strong masculine elements characterized by chevrons and rustic symbols – together reflecting a blissful union of man and woman, longevity, healthy birth and spiritual ascension . Pieces of strong symbolic significance, capable of being adored by contemporary projects welcoming warmth and tribal sensibilities — cherished by designers and collectors alike.

Explore our Moroccan rug collection.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Needlepoint

 

Referring to needlepoint rugs, named for a particular technique needling yarn through a ‘canvas’ backing (sometimes made of jute). One of the most famous provenances of needlepoint are the Arraiolos region of Portugal, particularly renowned for its craftswomen and their distinguished works.

Browse our needlepoint carpet curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Open field

 

Referring to rugs typically favoring a border and patternless field design. Not to be confused with plain or solid rugs, which typically have no border and are monochromatic by nature, open field carpets often employ architectural borders that, patterned or not, lead the eye inward to a center of color. Many Mihrab-pattern rugs are considered a variant of this design, too.

The “field” of the rug is essentially the entire space within any and all borders. Typically, traditional Oriental rugs favor medallions or symmetry all over designs. Open field rugs were particularly rare in classic carpets in their halcyon days, but have become drastically more popular in contemporary works.

Browse our open field rug curations.
 

 

 

Oushak

 

 

Referring to a wide-spanning name for arguably one of the most famous linages of hand-knotted Turkish rugs. Oushak rugs, once made in the titular region of Turkey, became one of the most traveled nomadic tribal sensibilities overtime.

The ancestors of the style were known for regal geometric-floral patterns, soft juxtapositions of gentle and vibrant colors, and especially for their lustrous quality of yarn depending on provenance.

Explore our Oushak curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ozbek (Uzbek) 

 

Referring to Ozbek rugs, arguably the most celebrated handcrafted rugs originating from the thriving villages & mountainous regions of Uzbekistan.

These rugs are often compared to Turkmen rugs in construction & inspiration. These slightly differ in design & texture depending on the region they were in Uzbekistan. Many original Uzbek rugs are found in bright red-browns and  blues with variations yet amongst the pieces prevailing in the market, white felt mats are considered to be the most valuable.

Explore our Ozbek curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Padding

 

Referring to protective padding for rugs, made to act as a barrier between the floor and the piece for both practical and aesthetic purposes. Padding is often used to:

 

• Protect against wear over time 
• Preserve the quality of antique and vintage rugs of some distressed condition
• Offer key lift to the body of pieces to sit more comfortably in a space 
• Complement certain weaves less resistant to buckling and shifting, such as Kilims and flat weaves 
• Promote the longevity of any piece

  Ask about our custom-cut padding. 
 

 

 

 

 

Paisley

 

Referring to rugs and tapestries employing the paisley pattern (sometimes called the Boteh)—a floral motif of diverse symbolic meaning celebrated in an equally vast array of Oriental rug traditions.

The paisley is often meant to be a remark on the skill of the weaver— particularly when seen in repetitive rows with colorful intricacy such as this classic Persian selection—but many cultures also hold it as a symbol of the universe (the “teardrop” or “flame” variant). Many Kilim weaving traditions have adopted smaller paisleys as a filler motif in all over patterns and borders, though the former emphasis on finesse continues today.

Explore our paisley pattern curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Patchwork

 

Referring to patchwork rugs and patchwork kilims, a sustainable weaving approach especially prominent from Turkey involving repurposing of vintage yarns and fragments into a one-of-a-kind creation. In vintage and modern takes on patchwork flat weaves alike, no two pieces are the same.

Browse our patchwork curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Peking

 

Referring to Peking rugs, named for their origin from the titular province of China that would become modern-day Beijing. At the height of the Jazz Age, Peking became one of the handful of major cities to produce Chinese Art Deco rugs in the 1920s onward due to the low cost of manufacturing in the country, and productions of this region and its contemporaries are still held in the highest esteem among connoisseurs of our craft today.

Many of these rugs favored lapis blues, soft golds, and other more lively and daring colors associated with the rise of this movement in design, even adapting interpretations of dynastic motifs into a new fashion; less ornate and more decorative, per the name of the movement. 

Explore our Peking rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Period piece

 

Any work of art from, or evoking, a specific period. In the case of handmade rugs and textiles this refers to period rugs, among the most collectible pieces (typically belonging to the Renaissance period from the 14th century to the 17th century).

Period rugs are mostly emblematic of reigns, ceremonies & traditions. Having evolved in design, these timeless classics share affinity with variegated influences especially with the Safavid Dynasty. Adapted from Renaissance architecture & paintings, these patterns favor flora, fauna, medallions, whimsical geometric patterns, pictorial representations of coronations in particular.

Explore our period piece rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pictorial

 

Referring to pictorial rugs (or tableau rugs), an artistic expression representing beautiful sceneries, historic events & life especially animals — as seen on Persian & Indian hunting rugs.

Amongst the most cherished pieces, the ones drawing inspiration from the 17th century Persian Isfahan rugs, classic tapestries, animal imagery in tribal & abstract aesthetics enjoy attention from collectors for their rarity & rich symbolism. Originally crafted in silk, the reimagined renditions can be observed in fine wool carrying similar ornamental personality – not only limited to occupying floor space but also be hung on walls of rooms & hallways articulating an untold story with their mere presence. Explore our pictorial rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Qum

 

 

Referring to Qum rugs woven in the titular holy city south of Tehran. These luxurious pieces are amongst the most collectible & expensive rugs in the world given the fine craftsmanship, dense design and alluring silk hand knotting. Qum rugs have a very high knot count which lends a strong constitution to manifest a grand vision. The firm structure hosts curvilinear floral patterns, plant & animal pictorials centered at a prevailing medallion nodding to the rich traditional aesthetics. The more decorative ones favor garden design or boast the elaborate “Tree of life” design in rich red, blue & ivory tones — tones idyllic to Persian design sensibilities.

Explore our Qum rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sarab

 

 

Referring to Sarab rugs hailing from the titular town in Northwestern Persia, especially known for carrying a gracious length in runner dimensions. Sarab rugs became especially popular in the mid-19th century for their geometric design in medallions & floral aesthetics, accompanying Herati, lattice patterns & other connoted traditional symbols in idyllic tones of camel, beige, navy blue & red.

Explore our Sarab rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sarouk

 

Referring to the Mahajiran Sarouk rugs celebrated for their high quality weave & craftsmanship. Originating from Arak in Persia during the turn of 20th century, these rugs carry a thick & lush pile for unmatched sturdiness idyllic for areas expecting high foot traffic.

The antique & vintage pieces of the Sarouk lineage host a dense floral pattern springing from a central medallion in  diamond, hexagon, angular, round or oval shape. The more elaborate pieces feature gul hannai, boteh, herati motifs & tree of life designs harmoniously flourishing with alluring florals. The most acclaimed style of antique Sarouk rugs is the “Blue Mahajiran” that is woven in a deep indigo hue with opulent tones of gold, brown & crimson.

Explore our Sarouk rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Savonnerie

 

Referring to a famed lineage of French pile rugs, often regarded as the pile counterpart to Aubusson flat weaves with a kindred sensibility. Literally derived from the French word for “soap” connoting the original factories commissioned to adapt a Turkish crafting style, antique Savonnerie rugs can be found originating as early as the 17th century, their designs often favoring creams and bright, aristocratic colorway tones with cartouches, medallions, floral garlands, and similar patterns from this period in the European market.

Explore our Savonnerie rug curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Senneh

 

Referring to tribal Senneh rugs and Senneh Kilims woven by the Kurds in and around the titular town in Iran ( today known as Sanandaj). Senneh pieces are celebrated for delicate patterns like Herati (diamond lattice pattern) & Boteh (paisley leaf with curling tip) — accompanying a coarse look in rustic style. This nomadic style usually carries an all over fine pattern around medallions & hexagonal centerpieces. Furthermore, Senneh kilims are regarded for their unparalleled quality as slit tapestries.

Explore our Senneh curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Serapi

 

 

 

Referring to a celebrated family of Serapi rugs from Eastern Azerbaijan, running similar to Heriz rugs in their ancestral appeal & rectilinear design (sometimes called Heriz-Serapi). These impactful rugs of the early 20th century embrace an abrashed vibe usually in deep red & blue tones sharply defining the medallions & geometric patterns for a rustic persona.

Browse our Serapi curations.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shag/High Pile

 

Referring to shag rugs and high pile rugs. Believed to originate from Greece (first known as Flokati) later gaining prominence in royalty & decorative spaces in Middle East & Turkey.

Today, shag and high-pile pieces are characterized by obviously shaggy appearance and long fibers. Tulu rugs, Moroccan rugs and several similar cultures are quite famed for their take on this style. 

Browse our shag and high-pile curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shahsavan

 

Referring to Shahsavan rugs handcrafted by the eponymous tribe of the extreme northwestern tip of Iran (also known as Transcaucasia).

These rugs are more inclined towards tribal Caucasian style than the traditional Persian ones in terms of patterns & colorways. The aesthetics boldly favor abstract & geometric designs in rich colors alongside rectilinear medallions with latch hooks & gul patterns amongst the most distinguished pieces.

Explore our Shahsavan curations. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shirvan

 

 

Referring to Shirvan rugs originating from a region falling to the South of Caucasus mountain range – an area that forms a part of present day Azerbaijan. This style stands distinguished with elaborate medallions and intricate pattern work like traditional lozenge & lattice design in a polychromatic color scheme.

The antique Shirvan carpets ceased to be manufactured in the 20th century with a shift in demand to other rug styles in the surrounding region. However, with the passage of time this style was observed to have less intricate patterns & simpler symmetric design to keep pace with the production that was being done commercially.

Explore our curation of Shirvan rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sisal/Hemp/Jute

 

Referring to sisal rugs, hemp rugs, and jute rugs, handwoven with natural fibers considered to be conservation friendly in the modern market. Handmade rugs with all-natural materials are nearly as old as the tradition of carpet weaving itself — seen as early as 10,000 years ago — though the modern rug market and A&D communities have been especially trending toward the style in the last two decades. Aside from their tendency toward neutral colors and lustrous sheens, eco-friendly rugs often enjoy a braid-like texture that, while alluring, can be difficult to play beneath rolling furniture such as that of the home office.

Explore our curation of sisal, hemp and jute materials. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sivas 

Referring to Sivas rugs and Sivas Kilims from the titular region of Turkey. Sivas Kilims in particular celebrate the art of traditional weaving passed down through generations in North Central Turkey. This impeccable style of craftsmanship features meticulous interweaving of wefts and warps for a flat surface without any pile. These classic kilims are usually observed to thrive in rich and warm shades of bright red, green, black, orange, blue, white with  soft color tones accenting the weave. 

Sivas carpets and flat weaves alike tend to enjoy enigmatic motifs, mystical symbols and mesmerizing medallions, with some of the most seldom, rare styles exploring open field designs. 

Explore our curation of Sivas rugs and Kilims.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Solid/Stripes

 

Referring to solid rugs and striped rugs, as well as the concept of patternless rugs with subtle background often leading to an overlap of these two styles.

Explore our curation of solid and striped rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sultanabad 

 

Referring to the antique Persian masterpieces, Sultanabad rugs were first woven during the 1800s in Arak (western Iran), a province of pivotal role in the evolution of weaving in the region.

Often sharing striking similarities with Heriz and Serapi design, Sultanabad carpets tend to be more curvilinear (sometimes even more  casual with the tribal whimsy of their provenance). Very classic in appeal, these rugs are distinguished with tasteful palmettes, vine scrolls and leaves. The rise of the 19th Century saw some western design elements accompanying the motifs to complement Western aesthetics with traditional style. Large in size, these rugs relish a supple wave in asymmetric knots with cotton foundation and wool pile for textural strength and finesse. 

Explore our curation of Sultanabad rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Swedish/Scandinavian

 

Referring to the style of rugs and flat weaves that would become most associated with Scandinavian style as it was understood from 1919 onward — notably popularized in the mid-20th century, though its original reach continued well into the 1970s. Swedish Modernism heavily influenced mid-century modern rug connotations, particularly through the work of iconic names such as Marta Mas Fjetterstrom.

This is the primary classification for our Scandinavian Collection and its varied textures of flat weave and pile construction, though it is also used to classify our curation of vintage Rya and Ege rugs.

Explore our Swedish/Scandinavian curations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tabriz

 

Referring to Tabriz rugs, a lineage of Persian rug making named for the region of renown. Antique and vintage Tabriz rugs are among the most widely known of collectible handmade Persian rug styles for feats of scale, uncommon uses of silk, particularly regal hunting pictorial patterns, and overall finesse in their weave seen in both small-size and large-size pieces. Some of the most rare antique Tabriz rugs include palace-size selections of stupendous quality for their scale.

Explore our curation of Tabriz rugs.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tapestry/Wall Hanging 

 

 

Referring to handwoven tapestries and any pieces intended for wall-hanging projects. Aside from our discerning inventory of antique tapestries from France, Japan and other lineages, some inventive decorators hand tribal Kilim fragments, classic textiles, distressed tribal rugs no longer durable enough for the floor, and much more.

Browse our curation of tapestries and wall-hanging selections. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tehran

 

Referring to the capital of Iran, one of the epicenters of ancestral rug culture and several noteworthy museums featuring rare selections from history.

Antique Tehranian carpets are considered some of the most sought-after pieces among connoisseurs, often enjoying as finely woven works of art as similar lineages like Tabriz, Kashan, Doroksh, and even Kerman Lavar.

Browse our curations from Tehran. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Textural/High Low

 

Referring to textural rugs and high-low rugs, an innovative weaving approach featuring piles of different heights for design definition & dimensionality on scale.

While high-and-low rugs are typically all pile with variations of higher and lower pile, as the name suggests, there are just as many marriages of flat weave and pile on the market creating the same effect.

Browse our vast curation of textural and high-low rugs. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tibetan

 

Referring to Tibetan rugs, a historically renowned home of many acclaimed rug styles among Oriental curators. Carpets from Tibet often share historical influence from Chinese rugs and other neighboring countries’ crafting traditions. Often small with few exceptions, more traditional antique Tibetan rugs favored ornate medallions, though their colorways were remarkably vibrant in many selections. 

Tibetan tiger rugs are arguably among the most widely received carpet styles to hail from the region. These pieces, also known as tiger skin rugs, often signified the presence of nobility in a temple. 

Explore our curation of Tibetan rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transitional

 

Referring to transitional rugs, a very wide-spanning array of styles playing traditional designs with more forgiving colors and smoother patterns. An ideal example of transitional rugs are Aubusson flat weaves, which draw on traditional notions of symmetry in many medallion style Aubusson rugs while departing from rich hues for brighter colorway hues.

Transitional has become an umbrella term for many contemporary designs as well—often used to refer to simplicity, comfort, repetition, neutrality, and similar elements in the evolution of handwoven rugs overtime.

Explore our ample curation of transitional rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tribal

 

Referring to tribal rugs, a celebrated style birthed by nomadic tribal weavers. Often connoting  mystic & cultural beliefs through geometric patterns & traditional motifs, these rugs carry rich symbolism & significance.

Many of the earliest pieces were crafted for warmth or bedding, often from animal pelts in shag pile that are closely related to high pile Tulu rugs that we know today. On the whole, tribal rugs carry a rustic appeal in their idyllic, raw style following indigenous colorways depending on the dyes and materials available in each provenance. Overtime, tribal rugs evolved into one of the most intricate, personal art forms far beyond their more utilitarian origins.

Explore our curation of tribal rugs and kilims.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tudor

 

Referring to Tudor rugs, a lineage of European rugs expressing classic sensibilities in smooth transitional style. Tudor rugs speak regalia in soft toned colorways embracing fluid designs & representations. However, some of the most extravagant Tudor rugs can be observed in deep tones of red, blue & brown.

Explore our curation of Tudor rugs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tulu

 

 

 

Referring to Tulu rugs, derived from the Turkish word for “shag” embodied in the shag/high-pile vintage rugs most closely associated with this lineage. Mid-century Tulu rugs often come in accent sizes and similar dimensions to Turkish Kilims or tribal Moroccan rugs, with a key commonality being Tulu rugs are often patternless or purely patterned by the diversity of multicolored yarns in their shag pile.

Explore our curation of Tulu rugs. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verneh

 

 

Referring to Verneh rugs and Verneh Kilims, a subset of Caucasian Kilims that gained particular prominence in the Persian rug markets during the 19th century. Inspired by the nomadic style, these flat weaves enjoy a rustic charm derived from uneven edges and intrinsic irregularities.

Flourishing in hues of deep red, blue, beige and similar thoughtful tones, these kilims stand distinguished amongst their peers as they employ a glorious symphony of techniques, cultural interpretations in vivid shades, textures and patterns. Usually crafted using Soumak, these abrashed pieces appear to be predecessors of the modern panelled Kilims lining Persian markets that preach quality and aesthetic appeal in tribal sensibilities and tactility.

Browse our curation of Verneh rugs and Kilims.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yazd

 

Referring to Yazd rugs, a lineage of Persian rugs keeping with the tradition of their name signifying their region of origin (formerly spelled “Yezd” and also signifying the Persian word for “well made” in crafts). Some of the most sought-after antique and vintage Yazd rugs are known for bold colors and appeal to the home in their comfortable, decorative nature.

Some of the more intricate designs among Persian Yazd rugs bear similarities to Kerman rugs, both in pattern and construction, but Yazd rugs have been distinct since the sixteenth century with a reputation for quality—particularly for their use of silk among several elements distinguishing them from other weaving families over time.

Explore our curation of Yazd rugs. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yuruk

 

 

Referring to Yuruk rugs, a tribal hand-knotted pile rug style from the nomadic Turkish culture of the same name (literally translating to “nomad” inTurkish). Many traditional Yuruk rugs prefer the sensibilities of more classic Turkish geometry among Caucasian rugs, seldom departing from primitivist geometry and exhibiting more diverse, colorful approaches emerging in those found from the 19th century onward.

Browse our curation of Yuruk rugs. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Authors: 

Shreya Peshawaria — Copywriter

Shreya Peshawaria is celebrating her first year as Rug & Kilim’s newest editorial voice, and continues to play a vital role in our team.

Being a published author who holds an MBA degree in marketing, Shreya acknowledges the importance of expression for effective communication. She is an explorer at heart who roots her craft in quality research reflecting her detail-orientation. As an individual, Shreya finds joy in admiring art & novelty – inspiring her to work with us. At Rug & Kilim, she couples her educational background with her flair for writing and aesthetics to honor the exclusivity of every masterpiece we curate.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vi Sciandra — Editor 

A proud native of Buffalo, New York, Vi Sciandra originally joined Rug & Kilim as Copywriter and quickly rose to the role of Editor, supported by a diverse background in multimedia writing, a studious passion for our field and a natural affinity for leadership. An honors cum laude bachelor of Journalism and Creative Writing from SUNY Purchase, Sciandra’s experience as an award-winning reporter, published author, and multidisciplinary editor in news, publishing and education were linked by a common love of art and creation that led to joining our team.

In working with Josh to put a voice to the beauty of our collections, Sciandra believes in the immutable value of research, communication and education in sharing the beauty and history of every piece with our discerning clientele; essential tools to tell its story.